The microbiome is
the community of microorganisms (such as fungi, bacteria and viruses) that exists in a particular environment. In humans, the term is often used to describe the microorganisms that live in or on a particular part of the body, such as the skin or gastrointestinal tract.
What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition
Each healthy human is provided with unique gut microbiota.
Core native microbiota are shaped in early life (4–36 months) by gut maturation developing from enterotype, birth gestational age, type of delivery, methods of milk feeding, weaning period, lifestyle, and dietary and cultural habits. After a child reaches 2–3 years old, a relative stability in gut microbiota composition has been demonstrated. Richness and diversity of gut microbiota shaped in early life characterize a healthy gut microbiota composition. However, this optimal healthy gut microbiota composition is different for each individual.
Throughout life, the richer and more diverse the microbiota, the better they will withstand external threats.
Indeed, gut microbiota represent a changing ecosystem that is severely tested by many factors such as unbalanced diet, stress, antibiotic use, or diseases.
A healthy host–microorganism balance must be respected in order to optimally perform metabolic and immune functions and prevent disease development. Indeed, disturbances to the delicate host–microbe relationship may disrupt the development of the immune system, which may in turn result in diseases
Although the role of gut microbiota is still poorly understood, the close association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal and extra-intestinal disorders has been demonstrated. This is the reason why dysbiosis can be considered as a biomarker of such disorders and that the study of gut microbiota balances shall be one of the priorities for future therapies to prevent and treat diseases.
The relationship between microbiota and the cancer is
a relatively new aspect and need more investigations to understand collective effect of microbiota components in carcinogenesis process. Discrete studies are arising understanding role of individual microbiota component in cancer progression, prevention and management. In contrast, microbiota works as an ecosystem where each component is contributing to the process of affecting normal host physiology.
System biological approaches of host–pathogen interactions analyses can also aid in these objectives through reducing time and labor required for such large-scale analyses of microbial community and their influence on disease progression
Nonetheless, current findings and observations are indicating that microbiota can contribute to carcinogenesis through a variety of mechanisms and understanding of these mechanisms can help us to plan suitable preventive and therapeutic strategy for cancer. In addition, mechanistic identification of anticancer activity of microbes is paving the way to develop suitable therapeutics for management of cancer. Summarily, identification of mechanistic implication of microbiota in carcinogenesis and its prevention can provide us interventions for prevention and management of a variety of cancer.
Second: the Gut microbiome and the mental health
Gut microbiota’s effect on mental health
The bidirectional link between the brain, gut, and microbiome has come to the forefront of the medical research community in the past few years. The growing amount of evidence substantiating this link indicates it will be a valuable area for future medical and nutritional practice, and research. This review demonstrates the importance of a healthy microbiome, particularly the gut microbiota, for patients suffering from anxiety and depression, as dysbiosis and inflammation in the CNS have been linked as potential causes of mental illness. Of note, studies have shown that probiotics effectively mitigated anxiety and depressive symptoms similar to conventional prescription medications.
The gut microbiome and the brain
The human gut microbiome impacts human brain health in numerous ways: (1) Structural bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides provide low-grade tonic stimulation of the innate immune system. Excessive stimulation due to bacterial dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or increased intestinal permeability may produce systemic and/or central nervous system inflammation.
(2) Bacterial proteins may cross-react with human antigens to stimulate dysfunctional responses of the adaptive immune system.
(3) Bacterial enzymes may produce neurotoxic metabolites such as D-lactic acid and ammonia. Even beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids may exert neurotoxicity.
(4) Gut microbes can produce hormones and neurotransmitters that are identical to those produced by humans. Bacterial receptors for these hormones influence microbial growth and virulence.
(5) Gut bacteria directly stimulate afferent neurons of the enteric nervous system to send signals to the brain via the vagus nerve. Through these varied mechanisms, gut microbes shape the architecture of sleep and stress reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
They influence memory, mood, and cognition and are clinically and therapeutically relevant to a range of disorders, including alcoholism, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and restless legs syndrome. Their role in multiple sclerosis and the neurologic manifestations of celiac disease is being studied. Nutritional tools for altering the gut microbiome therapeutically include changes in diet, probiotics, and prebiotics.
Association between the Gut Microbiota and Obesity
The human gut microbiota directly affects the food digestion, absorption and metabolism. The gut microbiota of obese people has a higher capacity for receiving energy from the food than the microbiota at slim people. The gut microbiota affects appetite control and energy balance. Lifestyle and food regimen affect the diversity of the gut microbiota and the presence of dysbiosis.
Fifth: The relationship between the gut microbiome and better sleep
We did not find significant differences between the experimental and control group neither at mood-related questionnaires, nor at the questionnaire assessing the quality of sleep. Nonetheless,
The relationship between gut microbiome and the better sleep
we found changes in mood state and sleep quality
as suggested by the significant correlations between sleep quality and mood-related questionnaires, the higher the quality of sleep, the better the mood state in the experimental and in the control group.
Finally
significant differences between-groups have been observed for some personality-related questionnaires. In this regard, our findings suggest that improving mood by means of probiotics intake might additionally determine changes in cognitive strategies to deal with problems by reducing sensitivity to negative situations, as well as the need to deal with them. Moreover, we speculate that ameliorating mood can differentially affect an individual's predisposition, for instance, by facilitating novelty seeking.
The Links
https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/106837/prebiotics-can-improve-sleep-by-influencing-gut-bacteria-study-finds/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0332-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6351938/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8360819/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5641835/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684436/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290721/#:~:text=The%20gut%20microbiome%20and%20inflammation,and%20emotions%20of%20the%20host.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6445894/
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